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X4 X   K X4w  Federal Communications Commission`(#ZFCC 98121 ă   yxdddy +` Before the w Federal Communications Commission  X'-Washington, D.C. 20554 ă In the Matter of) )  Xv4Amendment of the Commission's Rules to)ET Docket No. 96102  X_4Provide for Operation of Unlicensed NII )RM8648  XH4Devices in the 5 GHz Frequency Range)RM8653  X '  MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER \  X 4X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:1} {O'ԍSee WINForum Petition at 12.S WINForum notes that the American National Standards Institute ("ANSI") is developing document ANSI C63.171998 to define parameters and measurement procedures for unlicensed Personal Communications Service ("UPCS") devices which accounts for the characteristics of the digital modulation techniques used by U X 4PCS devices. It asserts that similar procedures should be adopted for UNII devices.?@ b } yO' " ԍFor example, WINForum states that ANSI C63.171998 defines "transmit power" as the total energy  x transmitted over a time interval of at most 30 divided by B (where B is the emission bandwidth of the signal) or the  x; "on" transmission interval time, whichever is less, divided by the interval duration. The peak transmit power is then  x; the maximum of the transmit power, defined in this manner, over an interval of continuous transmission. WINForum  x^ argues that the choice of measurement intervals depends upon a balance between the power penalty for efficient  xb modulation structures with symboltosymbol envelope variations and the need to prevent longer duration envelope  x peaks. WINForum also states that longer duration envelope variations that are sufficient to increase interference can be measured and controlled.  X 4,45.` ` Additionally, WINForum states that some UNII devices will operate in "burst" mode or will use power control to minimize cochannel interference. Therefore, it claims, power compliance measurements should be made over bursts that are transmitted at the maximum power control level, and any power averaging must not include time intervals during which the transmitter is off or transmitting at a reduced power level. WINForum also requests that UNII measurement procedures distinguish between power variations due to power control and the normal symboltosymbol envelope power variations. WINForum suggests that to make this distinction clear, "transmitted power" should be considered to be the average symbol envelope power. WINForum argues that its proposed series of definitions  X4and modifications will not undermin e the intent of the rules and are consistent with the ANSI document ANSI C63.171998. "j?,-(-(ZZ1"Ԍ X4ԙ-46.` ` Further, WINForum states that using peak measurement techniques to measure PSD will overstate the interference potential of UNII devices because of the inherent  X4randomness of a wideband signal measured with a narrowband filter. WINForum claims that if the spectrum analyzer uses peak detection to sweep the band under measurement, the measured peak PSD will exceed the true PSD by the peaktoaverage ratio of the filter output, which can be in the range of 6 to 10 dB. Therefore, WINForum proposes new definitions for PSD and peak PSD to more accurately reflect the interference potential of the device being tested.  X14.47.` ` WINForum requests that we establish a limit on the maximum resolution bandwidth used in measuring the emissions of UNII devices, instead of the minimum resolution bandwidth of one megahertz in our rules. WINForum states that the effective noise bandwidth of a resolution filter in a commercial spectrum analyzer is not necessarily equal to the nominal resolution bandwidth. It claims that this difference in bandwidth can result in an inaccurate measurement of the interference potential. Additionally, WINForum argues that it is not necessary to specify a lower limit on the resolution bandwidth because the integration procedure in Section 15.407(b)(4) can be used to compute the total power over any desired bandwidth. In further support of its request, WINForum claims that for devices with  Xb4narrowband emissions (e.g., 100 kHz) it would not be possible to verify compliance with the  XM4limits on total output power using a one megahertz resolution bandwidth.S@M} {O'ԍSee WINForum Petition at 19.S However, in contrast, WINForum asserts that a limit on the maximum resolution bandwidth is necessary to accurately isolate the power within the bandwidth of a potential victim receiver. Therefore, WINForum proposes the following definitions and measurement procedures to resolve the issues discussed above.  X4X©15.403(b) Peak Transmit Power. The maximum transmit power as measured over an interval of time equal to the reciprocal of the frame rate or the transmission pulse duration of the device under all conditions of modulation. Usually this parameter is measured as a conducted emission by direct connection of a calibrated test instrument to the equipment under test. If the device cannot be connected directly, alternative techniques acceptable to the Commission may be used.(#  X;4X©15.403(c) Average Symbol Envelope Power. The average symbol envelope power is the average, taken over all symbols in the signaling alphabet, of the envelope power for each symbol.(#  X4X©15.403(d) Pulse. A pulse is a continuous transmission of a sequence of modulation symbols, during which the average symbol envelope power is constant.(#  X 4X©15.403(e) Transmit Power. The total energy transmitted over a time interval of at most 30/B (where B is the 26 dB emission bandwidth of the signal) or the duration of the transmission pulse, whichever is less, divided by the interval duration.(#  X#4X©15.403(f) Power Spectral Density. The power spectral density is the total energy output per unit bandwidth from a pulse or sequence of pulses for which the transmit"t$Z@,-(-(ZZ"" power is at its peak or maximum level, divided by the total duration of the pulses. This total time does not include the time between pulses during which the transmit power is off or below its maximum level.(#  X4X©15.403(g) Peak Power Spectral Density. The peak power spectral density is the maximum power spectral density, within the specified measurement bandwidth, within the UNII device operating band.(#  Xx4X©15.407(a)(5). The peak power spectral density is measured as a conducted emission by direct connection of a calibrated test instrument to the equipment under test. If the device cannot be connected directly, alternative techniques acceptable to the  X34Commission may be used. Measurements are made over a bandwidth of 1 MHz or the 26 dB emission bandwidth of the device, whichever is less. A resolution bandwidth less than the measurement bandwidth can be used, provided that the measured power is integrated to show total power over the measurement bandwidth. If the resolution bandwidth is approximately equal to the measurement bandwidth, and much less than the emission bandwidth of the equipment under test, the measured results shall be corrected to account for any difference between the resolution bandwidth of the test instrument and its actual noise bandwidth.(# X©15.407(b)(4). The above emission measurements shall be performed using a maximum resolution bandwidth of 1 MHz. If a 1MHz resolution bandwidth is used, the measured results shall be corrected to account for any difference between the resolution bandwidth of the test instrument and its actual noise bandwidth. If a resolution bandwidth less than 1 MHz is used, the measured power must be integrated to show the total power over 1 MHz. Regardless of the attenuated levels shown above, emissions outside the frequency range of operation do not need to be attenuated below the general limits in  15.209 of this part.(#  X4/48.` ` Comments. NTIA acknowledges that the output of a resolution filter looks much like Gaussian noise for "well behaved" digital modulation schemes with known peakto X4average ratios, such as: BPSK,kA\} yO' " ԍBPSK Binary PhaseShift Keying A form of modulation in which binary data are transmitted by  {O' x changing the carrier phase by 180 degrees. See The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics  {O'Terms, Fifth Edition, (1993).k QPSK,B} {O' " ԍQPSK Quadrature PhaseShift Keying PSK modulation technique using four phase states. See  {O'Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, Federal Standard 1037B (1991). QAM,CH} yOy!' " ԍQAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quadrature modulation in which some form of amplitude  {OA"'modulation is used for both inputs. Id. FSK,DZ} yO#' " ԍFSK FrequencyShift Keying A form of frequency modulation in which the modulating signal shifts  x the output frequency between predetermined values. Commonly, the instantaneous frequency is shifted between two  {Oc%'discrete values termed the "mark" and "space" frequencies. Id.ā MSK,E } yO' " ԍMSK Minimum Shift Keying A modulation technique where the tone spacing is onehalf that employed for noncoherently demodulated orthogonal FSK, giving rise to the name minimum shift keying. and GMSK.F } yO' "+ ԍGMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying MSK modulation technique where the phase trajectory is smoothed by a Gaussian lowpass filter. However, it"xF,-(-(ZZ,"  X4argues that because the R&O does not limit the type of modulation technique for UNII devices, a manufacturer could develop a modulation type that violates the peaktoaverage relationship of the techniques listed above. In such cases, the peak levels could be much higher than the average levels, and, if the measurement technique is based on an average  X4power level, then interference to Federal systems could be understated.NGx} {O 'ԍSee NTIA Comments at 8.N NTIA states that a possible solution would be to develop a list of modulation schemes that are permissible for UNII devices or to specify a peaktoaverage ratio to which UNII devices must adhere. Additionally, NTIA agrees that measurements should be made over bursts that are transmitted at the maximum power control level so that power measurements accurately reflect interference potential. Any power averaging must not include time intervals during which the transmitter is off or transmitting at a reduced power level. While NTIA does not oppose the definitions proposed by WINForum, it contends that most of the definitions are related to symbol duration, but there is no proposed definition for a symbol. Accordingly, NTIA believes that WINForum's definitions can be adopted, but a definition of symbol duration should also be developed and included in the rules.  X4049.` ` Additionally, NTIA agrees with WINForum that the power output of the resolution filter is noiselike when the resolution bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer is significantly less than the emission bandwidth for wellknow digital modulation techniques. NTIA states that if UNII devices were limited to using these types of digital modulation techniques, then measuring the PSD in terms of average power instead of peak power would not increase the effects of interference to Federal operations. However, unless the rules specify or limit the modulation techniques that may be employed by UNII devices, NTIA  X4cannot support specifying the PSD limits in terms of average power.NH } {O'ԍSee NTIA Comments at 9.N  X4150.` ` Decision. We agree that the increasing use of advanced digital modulation techniques does warrant some reconsideration of how we define technical parameters and perform compliance measurements to ensure that equipment meets necessary technical standards. Further, we recognize that digital modulation techniques often display symboltosymbol envelope variations and short duration peaks that do not cause increased interference to other operations. We also note that defining power in terms of the average of all symbols in a particular modulation technique and establishing a proper time interval to measure transmission pulses would help account for the peaktoaverage variations in measuring digital signals. Additionally, in order to get an accurate measurement for digital networking devices," H,-(-(ZZ" we find that measurements should be made over bursts that are transmitted at the maximum power control level and that any power averaging must not include time intervals during which the transmitter is off or transmitting at a reduced power level. Further, we find that WINForum's proposed power averaging definitions would have little effect on many commonly used digital modulation techniques because they demonstrate a fairly constant envelope power. However, we are aware of the development of high data rate modulation  Xv4techniques that would unjustifiably be excluded from operation in these bands without the benefit of power averaging techniques to smooth out power variations and, thus, enable devices utilizing such techniques to meet power limits.  X 4251.` ` Additionally, we are cognizant that measuring a wide bandwidth signal with a narrow bandwidth filter causes some inherent randomness in the results. The peak detection  X 4setting of a spectrum analyzer as it sweeps a wide bandwidth signal may display a PSD that exceeds the true PSD by the peaktoaverage ratio of the filter output. While we agree with NTIA that there is no way to predict what types of modulation technologies will be developed in the future, rather than preclude the use of future modulation techniques that may benefit U X4NII operations, we shall impose a 13 dB limit on the ratio between the peak excursion of the modulation envelope (measured using a peak hold function) and the peak transmit power (measured as specified above) across the lesser of any 1 MHz bandwidth or the emission  XK4bandwidth. Additionally, we will require measurements to be made using the procedures  X44specified in our rules and in document ANSI C63.171998 over an interval of continuous  X4transmission during which the output power is at a maximum. We conclude that this approach will enable the development of new UNII digital modulation techniques that will not have an undesirably high potential for causing interference to other devices and services.  X4352.` ` Regarding the measurement of unwanted emissions, we reaffirm our finding in  X4the R&O that these measurements should be performed with a minimum resolution bandwidth of one megahertz. We note that Section 15.35(b) of our rules requires that a minimum resolution bandwidth of one megahertz be used to measure unwanted emissions for all  Xg4unlicensed Part 15 devices operating above 1 GHz.RIg} {O'ԍSee 47 C.F.R. 15.35(b).R By using a minimum resolution bandwidth, we reduce the influence of different filter responses and ensure repeatability of measurements. Nevertheless, we will permit a lower resolution bandwidth for measurements near the band edge, when necessary, provided the measured energy is integrated to show the total power over one megahertz. Therefore, we find that WINForum's proposed definitions for "average symbol envelope power," "pulse," "transmit power," "peak transmit power," "power spectral density," and "peak power spectral density" combined with the use of measurement techniques specified in our rules and in ANSI C63.171998 are appropriate and will permit accurate measurement of UNII technical parameters. Additionally, we find that adoption of these definitions will resolve the issues discussed above without increasing interference from UNII devices. Accordingly, we modify Sections 15.403, 15.407(a)(5) and"#ZI,-(-(ZZ!"  X415.407(b)(4) to read as indicated in Appendix A below.J} yOy' "V ԍWe note that the definitions adopted by this action, in Appendix A, contain minor modifications to those proposed by WINForum which either add clarity or removes unnecessary language.  X4  X4E. UNII Modulation Techniques.  X4453.` ` In the R&O, we defined UNII devices as intentional radiators operating in the 5.155.35 GHz and 5.7255.825 GHz bands that provide a wide array of wideband, high data rate, digital, mobile and fixed communications for individuals, businesses, and institutions. In its petition, WINForum argues that the intent of this proceeding was to foster the development of advanced wideband digital radio technologies for applications requiring high data rates. Therefore, to minimize unintended use of this spectrum, WINForum requests that the definition of UNII devices be modified to permit use of only digital modulation techniques by UNII devices. Specifically, WINForum's proposed definition reads as follows: XSection 15.403(a) UNII devices [Unlicensed]. Intentional radiators operating in the frequency bands 5.155.35 GHz and 5.7255.825 GHz that use wideband digital modulation techniques and provide a wide array of high rate mobile and fixed communications for individuals, businesses, and institutions.(#  Xd4554.` ` Additionally, WINForum suggests that the UNII rules permit devices that use  XM4impulse modulation techniques. WINForum argues that special rule considerations are  X64necessary for very short duration "impulse" transmission techniquesK6 } yO' " ԍImpulse transmission systems are characterized by a wide bandwidth and extremely high peak power levels of a short duration. because extremely wideband signals of short duration cannot accurately be measured with conventional spectrum analyzers due to limitations in the response time of the resolution filters. WINForum states that it will discuss impulse measurement techniques with NTIA to develop a procedure for measuring power output and PSD of impulse transmissions, which will be recommended to the Commission. WINForum states that it will be necessary for a Part 15 Certification applicant to disclose details such as modulation format, minimum pulse duration, minimum and maximum pulse repetition rate, spectral characteristics under expected conditions of operation, etc., so that the Commission can apply the appropriate test procedures.  XP4655.` ` Comments. NTIA supports specifying the types of modulation that will be permitted in the definition for UNII devices because it would help the development of future Government systems in the bands by defining the interference environment. Additionally, NTIA argues that it may help to adopt a minimum bandwidth in the definition to preserve the true purpose of opening these bands to UNII operations, which it argues is to open spectrum for unlicensed broadband data applications that cannot be supported by current unlicensed spectrum. "!xK,-(-(ZZL "Ԍ X4756.` ` Regarding the provision of impulse modulation techniques, NTIA states that if the PSD is stated in terms of average power, ultrawideband (impulse) transmission systems should not be permitted to operate in the UNII bands because of their potential to interfere with Federal operations. Rather, the Commission should only permit ultrawide (impulse) systems in the UNII bands, if the PSD and outofband emission limits are specified in terms  X4of peak power as proposed in the R&O.  Xa4857.` ` Decision. As stated in the R&O, the intent of this proceeding was to facilitate the development of digital equipment capable of achieving network communications on wide bandwidth channels at high data rates. While the UNII definition states that these devices are used for digital communications, we agree that requiring the use of digital modulation  X 4techniques would prevent some unintended uses of this spectrum. Because we are requiring  X 4the use of digital modulation, we are also adding a definition for digital modulation. We do not believe it is necessary to prescribe which digital modulation techniques would be permitted in our rules because this may restrict the implementation of newly developed digital modulation techniques. Additionally, we do not believe it is necessary to adopt a minimum bandwidth requirement because the new power requirements should be sufficient to discourage very narrowband applications. Further, our PSD requirements also permit some flexibility so UNII devices can meet immediate networking demands that may not need very high data rates.  X!4958.` ` Additionally, we note that Section 2.201(f) of the Rules generally prohibits Type B emissions, also known as "damped wave" emissions, because of their high peak power  X4and ultra wideband characteristics.RL} {Ol'ԍSee 47 C.F.R. 2.201(f).R In particular, impulse signals would employ a bandwidth and power that exceed the applicable limits for UNII devices. Further, employment of impulse signals in the U-NII band would necessarily generate signals in the restricted bands,  X4in contravention of Section 15.205 of the Rules.PMZ} {O'ԍSee 47 C.F.R. 15.205.P Therefore, we conclude that allowing impulse modulation techniques would raise issues that exceed the scope of this proceeding and we will not permit their use in the UNII band at this time. We will consider initiating a future proceeding to address more broadly the issue of allowing impulse modulation techniques.  X$4F. Other Matters.  X4:59.` ` WINForum also requested that we remove the frequency stability requirement in the UNII rules because this requirement in not necessary since we are not adopting a spectrum etiquette to govern UNII operations. We agree that the frequency stability section needs to be simplified to state that a manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a signal's energy is maintained within the band of operation under all conditions of normal operation as""M,-(-(ZZ)!" specified in the users manual. We believe that requiring some frequency stability under normal voltage and temperature fluctuation will promote frequency sharing and reduce unwanted emissions from UNII devices.  X4;60.` ` Additionally, we believe some additional clarification to Section 15.407(c)  X4regarding device failure is necessary. Specifically, this section requires UNII devices to automatically discontinue transmission in case of either absence of information to transmit or operational failure. These provisions are not intended to preclude the transmission of control or signalling information or the use of repetitive codes used by certain digital technologies to  X14complete frame or burst intervals.TN1} {O 'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  15.407(c).T However, we note that different situations might cause a device failure depending on different types of device operations. Rather than have our rules specify which operational failures we believe should be accounted for in a device's design, we believe it is appropriate for the manufacturer to specify in its application how its device meets this requirement. This permits manufacturers to determine what operational failures are possible in a device and engineer solutions to that particular situation. This clarification will permit the Commission's laboratory to treat all applicants for certification equally.  Xy4<61.` ` WINForum also requests that we clarify that UNII devices that meet the operational requirements for the 5.155.25 GHz band should also be permitted to operate across the entire 5.155.35 GHz band because these devices meet more restrictive technical requirements. We note that nothing in our current rules prevents devices that meet the requirements of multiple bands from operating in the different UNII bands as long as the  X4device complies with the operating requirements of the band it is transmitting in. Accordingly, UNII devices that meet the operating requirements of both the 5.155.25 GHz  X4and 5.255.35 GHz band may operate across both bands.  X4=62.` ` Finally, on February 25, 1998, Clarity Wireless Incorporated ("Clarity  X4Wireless") filed a Petition for Rulemaking requesting that the Commission amend its UNII power rules to allow unlimited gain antennas for pointtopoint UNII operations in the 5.7255.825 GHz band. This identical issue was raised in Apple's reconsideration petition and has  XN4been fully addressed, above.SONZ} {OY'ԍSee supra para. 2426.S Therefore, we are dismissing Clarity Wireless' Petition as moot.  X '  ORDERING CLAUSE AND EFFECTIVE DATE Đ\  X4>63.` ` Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that Part 15 of the Commission's Rules, 47  X 4C.F.R. Part 15 IS AMENDED as set forth in the attached Appendix,  $:   $: effective 30 days after  X!4Federal Register publication $:   $: . IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, that the Petition for Reconsideration and Clarification filed by WINForum and the Petition for Reconsideration""O,-(-(ZZ6!" filed by Apple Computer, Inc. ARE GRANTED to the extent described above, and ARE DENIED in all other respects. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, that the Petition for Reconsideration filed by HewlettPackard Company IS DENIED. Finally, IT IS ORDERED, that the Petition for Rulemaking filed by Clarity Wireless Incorporated IS DISMISSED. These actions are taken pursuant to Sections 4(i), 303(c), 303(f), 303(g), 303(r), and 405 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. Sections 154(i), 303(c), 303(f), 303(g), 303(r), and 405.  XH4?64.` ` Supplemental Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis.  *The Commission's Supplemental Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis ("SFRFA") is attached as Appendix B. ` `  hhCFEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION ` `  hhCMagalie Roman Salas ` `  hhCSecretary"dO,-(-(ZZ"  a4  #|\  P6G;i:P#  #|\  P6G;i:P# APPENDIX A: FINAL RULES#Xj\  P6G; XP# א\ Part 15 of title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations is revised as follows:  X4  X'X PART 15 RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES (# 1. The authority citation for Part 15 continues to read as follows:  Xi' AUTHORITY: Secs. 4, 302, 303, 304, 307 and 624A of the Communications Act of  XR'1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. Sections 154, 302, 303, 304, 307 and 544A. 2. Section 15.17(a) of Part 15 is revised to read as follows: (a) Parties responsible for equipment compliance are advised to consider the proximity and the high power of nonGovernment licensed radio stations, such as broadcast, amateur, land mobile, and nongeostationary mobile satellite feeder link earth stations, and of U.S. Government radio stations, which could include high-powered radar systems, when choosing operating frequencies during the design of their equipment so as to reduce the susceptibility for receiving harmful interference. Information on nonGovernment use of the spectrum can be obtained by consulting the Table of Frequency Allocations in  2.106 of this chapter.  X>4**` ` * * *  X4 3. Part 15 is amended by revising Subpart E to read as follows:  X' Subpart E Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure devices  X'  15.401 Scope. This subpart sets out the regulations for unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) devices operating in the 5.15 5.35 GHz and 5.725 5.825 GHz bands.  XA'  15.403 Definitions.  X4(a) Average Symbol Envelope Power. The average symbol envelope power is the average, taken over all symbols in the signaling alphabet, of the envelope power for each  X 4symbol.  X!4 (b) Digital modulation. The process by which the characteristics of a carrier wave are varied among a set of predetermined discrete values in accordance with a digital modulating function as specified in document ANSI C63.171998.  X$4 (c) Emission bandwidth. For purposes of this subpart the emission bandwidth shall be determined by measuring the width of the signal between two points, one below the carrier center frequency and one above the carrier center frequency, that are 26 dB down relative to the maximum level of the modulated carrier. Determination of the emissions bandwidth is based on the use of measurement instrumentation employing a peak detector function with an"3(O,))ZZ#&" instrument resolutions bandwidth approximately equal to 1.0 percent of the emission bandwidth of the device under measurement  X4 (d) Peak Power Spectral Density. The peak power spectral density is the maximum power spectral density, within the specified measurement bandwidth, within the UNII device operating band.  X4 (e) Peak Transmit Power. The maximum transmit power as measured over an interval of time of at most 30/B or the transmission pulse duration of the device, whichever is less,  Xc4under all conditions of modulation.  XL4 (f) Power Spectral Density. The power spectral density is the total energy output per unit bandwidth from a pulse or sequence of pulses for which the transmit power is at its peak or maximum level, divided by the total duration of the pulses. This total time does not include the time between pulses during which the transmit power is off or below its maximum level.  X 4 (g) Pulse. A pulse is a continuous transmission of a sequence of modulation symbols, during which the average symbol envelope power is constant.  X 4 (h) Transmit Power. The total energy transmitted over a time interval of at most 30/B (where B is the 26 dB emission bandwidth of the signal in hertz) or the duration of the transmission pulse, whichever is less, divided by the interval duration.  Xl4 (i) UNII devices. Intentional radiators operating in the frequency bands 5.15 5.35 GHz and 5.725 5.825 GHz that use wideband digital modulation techniques and provide a wide array of high data rate mobile and fixed communications for individuals, businesses, and institutions.  X'  15.405 Cross reference.  X4 (a) The provisions of Subparts A, B, and C of this part apply to unlicensed UNII devices, except where specific provisions are contained in subpart E. Manufacturers should note that this includes the provisions of Sections 15.203 and 15.205.  X4 (b) The requirements of subpart E apply only to the radio transmitter contained in the UNII device. Other aspects of the operation of a UNII device may be subject to requirements contained elsewhere in this chapter. In particular, a UNII device that includes digital circuitry not directly associated with the radio transmitter also is subject to the requirements for unintentional radiators in subpart B.  X'  15.407 General technical requirements. X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: