WPCl 2MBVRKZ3|a/ y.X80,ɒX\  P6G;P"i~'^09CSS999S]+9+/SSSSSSSSSS//]]]Ixnnxg]xx9?xgxx]xn]gxxxxg9/9MS9ISISI9SS//S/SSSS9?/SSxSSIP!PZ9+ZM999+999999S9S/xIxIxIxIxIlnIgIgIgIgI9/9/9/9/xSxSxSxSxSxSxSxSxSxSxIxSxRxSxSxS]SxIxIxInInInZnIxigIgIgIgIxSxSxSxZxSxZxS9/9S999Su]ZZxSg/gCg9g9g/xSbxSxSxSxSxn9n9n9]?]?]?]ZgFg/gMxSxSxSxSxSxSxxZgIgIgIxSg9xS]?g9xSi+SS88WuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNP2yEK Z yO'#X\  P6G;ɒP#3|a "i~'^09CSS999S]+9+/SSSSSSSSSS//]]]Ixnnxg]xx9?xgxx]xn]gxxxxg9/9MS9ISISI9SS//S/SSSS9?/SSxSSIP!PZ9+ZM999+999999S9S/xIxIxIxIxIlnIgIgIgIgI9/9/9/9/xSxSxSxSxSxSxSxSxSxSxIxSxRxSxSxS]SxIxIxInInInZnIxigIgIgIgIxSxSxSxZxSxZxS9/9S999Su]ZZxSg/gCg9g9g/xSbxSxSxSxSxn9n9n9]?]?]?]ZgFg/gMxSxSxSxSxSxSxxZgIgIgIxSg9xS]?g9xSi+SS88WuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNP2 <K2 K@ Times New RomanTimes New Roman BoldTimes New Roman Italic"i~'^5>I\\>>>\g0>03\\\\\\\\\\33gggQyyrg>Frgygrr>3>T\>Q\Q\Q>\\33\3\\\\>F3\\\\QX%Xc>0cT>>>0>>>>>>\>\3QQQQQwyQrQrQrQrQ>3>3>3>3\\\\\\\\\\Q\Z\\\g\QQQyQyQycyQtrQrQrQrQ\\\c\c\>3>\>>>\gcc\r3rIr>r>r3\l\\\\y>y>y>gFgFgFgcrMr3rT\\\\\\crQrQrQ\r>\gFr>\t0\\=!=WxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNBnnBT\>Q\\\\\3;\7;\7>>QQ\??n\\nBnnBmgg>Q\7"yyyy\njc\gnn\ S- I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) 1. 1. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)#&a\  P6G;u&P##&J\  P6Qu&P#"i~'^5>g\\>>>\g0>03\\\\\\\\\\>>ggg\yyrF\yrgyy>3>j\>\gQgQ>\g3>g3g\ggQF>g\\\QI(I_>0_j>>>0>>>>>>\>g3\\\\\QyQyQyQyQD3D3D3D3g\\\\gggg\\g\\\\pg\\\QQ_QyQyQyQyQ\\\_\gjF3FgF>Fgg__gy3ySy>yIy3ggg\\QQQgFgFgFg_y^y>yjgggggg_yQyQyQgy>ggFy>\0\\=2=WxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNBnnBa\>\\\\\\7>\7>\7>>\\\??n\\nBnnBsgg>\\7"yyyy\nlc\gnn\2K KKSK"i~'^5>M\\>>>\}0>03\\\\\\\\\\>>}}}\rryrr>Qygyrr\grrggF3FM\>\\Q\Q3\\33Q3\\\\FF3\QyQQFI3Ic>0cM>>>0>>>>>>\>\3r\r\r\r\r\yyQrQrQrQrQ>3>3>3>3y\\\\\\\\\gQr\\\\gQ\r\r\r\r\yQyQycyQnrQrQrQrQ\\\c\c\>3>\>>>\\ccyQg3gBg>g;g3y\jy\y\\\yrFrFrF\F\F\FccgBg3gM\\\\\\ygcgFgFgF\g>y\\Fg>g\n0\\=(=WddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddNBnnB_\F\\\\\\3;\7;\7>>gg\??n\\nBnnBb\\>g\7"yyyy\njc\}nn\"i~'^ %,77\V%%%7>%7777777777>>>0eOIIOD>OO%*ODaOO>OI>DOOgOOD%%37%07070%777V7777%*77O77055;%;3%%%%%%%%%7%7O0O0O0O0O0aHI0D0D0D0D0%%%%O7O7O7O7O7O7O7O7O7O7O0O7O6O7O7O7>7O0O0O0I0I0I;I0OED0D0D0D0O7O7O7O;O7O;O7%%7%%%7M>;;O7DD,D%D%DO7AO7O7O7O7aOI%I%I%>*>*>*>;D.DD3O7O7O7O7O7O7gOO;D0D0D0O7D%O7>*D%O7E77%%WMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN(BB(37%07777j7#TT7!#TT7T!%%007n&&Bn77lBTn(nBB(AZZ>>n%07\n!"IIIITTenn7TnB@;7>lBBn7"i~'^"(22TN"""28"2222222222888,\HBBH>8HH"&H>XHH8HB8>HH^HH>"".2",2,2,"222N2222"&22H22,006"6."""""""""2"2H,H,H,H,H,XAB,>,>,>,>,""""H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H,H2H1H2H2H282H,H,H,B,B,B6B,H?>,>,>,>,H2H2H2H6H2H6H2""2"""2F866H2>>(>">">H2;H2H2H2H2XHB"B"B"8&8&8&86>*>>.H2H2H2H2H2H2^HH6>,>,>,H2>"H28&>"H2?22!!WFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN$<<$.2",2222`2 LL2 LL2L"",,2d""1*?2v ?Technical[8]Eg%Technical Document Style O g% W4I O g/&/0  . CitatorFormat Secretary's Citator Output File0W r5-#d6X@`7Ͽ@# XX  X B r5-S  BFormat DownloadFormat Downloaded Document1iޛ r5- XX    \ #d6X@`7Ͽ@#MACNormal2;     X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<    #:}D4P XP#T I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)T,0*ÍÍ,*Í ., US!!!! ! #:}D4P XP#     X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<    #:}D4P XP#,0*ÍÍ,*Í ., US!!!! ! #:}D4P XP#2}O3oL4M5iM6NFootnote3Íčfootnote tex#4'p #FxX  Pg9CXP#header5Ax 4 <D  #FxX  Pg9CXP# reference6;#FxX  Pg9CXP#2CU7~O8i-Q9^R:OSitemizeX17&V 8F ` hp xr#FxX  Pg9CXP#header28I ` hp x`    #FxX  Pg9CXP# heading 39F` hp x #FxX  Pg9CXP# footer!:!!#d\  PCP#2W;ruU<U=ryV>Va2Agenda;a1AgendaAgenda Items<7D yP ) I. a3Agenda=HeadingChapter Heading>J d  ) I. ׃  2~Z?W@oXAdYBiYRight ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbers?>a݅@  I.   X(# SubheadingSubheading@0\ E A.  HIGHLIGHT 1Italics and BoldldeddA+. DRAFT ONHeader A Text = DRAFT and DateB X =8` (#FDRAFTă r  ` (#=D3 1, 43 12pt (Z)(PC-8))T2Dă  ӟ2^CZD1H[E1y\F1]DRAFT OFFTurn Draft Style offC@@    LETTER LANDLetter Landscape - 11 x 8.5D 3'3'Standard'3'3StandardLetter Portrait - 8.5 x 11 ;   LEGAL LANDLegal Landscape - 14 x 8.5Ef 3'3'Standard'A'AStandardZ K e6VE L"nu;   LETTER PORTLetter Portrait - 8.5 x 11FL 3'3'Standard3'3'StandardZ K e6VE L"nU9   2aG1 _Hn>`I`Jd-aLEGAL PORTLegal Portrait - 8.5 x 14G 3'3'StandardA'A'StandardLetter Portrait - 8.5 x 119   TITLETitle of a DocumentHK\ * ăBLOCK QUOTESmall, single-spaced, indentedIN X HIGHLIGHT 2Large and Bold LargeJB*d. 2fKjaL-bMELdN-eHIGHLIGHT 3Large, Italicized and UnderscoredK V -qLETTERHEADLetterhead - date/marginsLu H XX  3'3'LetterheadZ K e VE L"n3'3'LetterheadZ K e VE L"nE9    * 3'3'LetterheadZ K e VE L"n3' II"n"Tv3'StandarddZ K e VE L"nU9 Ѓ   INVOICE FEETFee Amount for Math InvoiceM ,, $0$0  MEMORANDUMMemo Page FormatND.   ! M E M O R A N D U M ă r  y<N dddy   2YkO8fP8(hQ`iRXkINVOICE EXPSEExpense Subtotals for Math InvoiceO:A ,p, $0$00INVOICE TOTTotals Invoice for Math MacroPz 4p, $0$00INVOICE HEADRHeading Portion of Math InvoiceQ+C`*   4X 99L$0 **(  ӧ XX NORMALReturn to Normal TypestyleR2lS[kT[kU[AlV[lSMALLSmall TypestyleSFINEFine TypestyleTLARGELarge TypestyleUEXTRA LARGEExtra Large TypestyleV2oW[)mXmYXoZ_oVERY LARGEVery Large TypestyleWENVELOPEStandard Business Envelope with HeaderX+w ,,EnvelopeZ K e VE L"n,,EnvelopeLarge, Italicized and Under;    ,, 88+  `   1YdfStyle 14Swiss 8 Pt Without MarginsZ$$D Co> PfQ  )a [ PfQO 2w[1p\p]lu^wStyle 12Dutch Italics 11.5[$$F )^ `> XifQ  )a [ PfQO Style 11Initial Codes for Advanced II\J )a [ PfQK  dddn  #  [ X` hp x (#%'b, oT9 ! )^ `> XifQ ` Advanced Legal WordPerfect II Learning Guide   x )^ `> XifQ Advanced Legal WordPerfect II Learning Guide   j-n )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988`6 >Page  jBX )^ `> XifQ    Page ` Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988 Style 3oDutch Roman 11.5 with Margins/Tabs] )a [ PfQO  ddn  # c0*b, oT9 !Style 4 PSwiss 8 Point with Margins^Dq Co> PfQ  dddd  #  22z_w`|vxaxbyStyle 1.5Dutch Roman 11.5 Font_4h )a [ PfQO  dddn Style 2Dutch Italic 11.5`$ )^ `> XifQ Style 5Dutch Bold 18 Pointa$RH$L T~> pfQ_  )a [ PfQO Style 7Swiss 11.5b$$V )ao> PfQ ]  )a [ PfQO 2cdzd{e fStyle 6Dutch Roman 14 Pointc$$N w [ PfQ   )a [ PfQO Style 10oInitial Codes for Advancedd U )a [ PfQK  dddn  ##  [[ b, oT9 !b, oT9 !n )^ `> XifQ ` Advanced Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   f )^ `> XifQ Advanced Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   Q" )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988`6 >Page  QN~ )^ `> XifQ    Page ` Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988 Style 8PfInitial Codes for Beginninggei )a [ PfQK  dddn  # X` hp x (#%'b, oT9  [ &e )^ `> XifQ ` Beginning Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   d )^ `> XifQ Beginning Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   jH )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988`6 >Page  j )^ `> XifQ    Page ` Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988 Style 9Initial Codes for Intermediatef )a [ PfQK  dddn  # X` hp x (#%'b, oT9 Њ [ e )^ `> XifQ ` Intermediate Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   3 )^ `> XifQ Intermediate Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   jf )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc.`+ >Page  jX )^ `> XifQ    Page ` Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988 2gIhp_iqϏje@UpdateInitial Codes for Update Moduleg )a [ PfQK  dddn  #  [ X` hp x (#%'b, oT9 !n )^ `> XifQ ` Legal WordPerfect 5.0 Update Class Learning Guide   f )^ `> XifQ Legal WordPerfect 5.0 Update Class Learning Guide   Q" )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988`7 CPage  jN~ )^ `> XifQ    Page ` Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988 Document[8]'Eg%Document StyleE O  O g% W4I O gh` ` ` Document[4]'Eg%Document Style W4A O g% W4I O gi  . Document[6]'Eg%Document Style W4A O g% W4I O gj  2Ԓkeאl<mpϑn?Document[5]'Eg%Document Style W4A O g% W4I O gk  Document[2]'Eg%Document Style W4A O g% W4I O gl*    Document[7]'Eg%Document Style W4A O g% W4I O gm  ` ` ` Document[3]'Eg%Document Style W4A O g% W4I O gn0     2KopqezrlߔDocument[1]'Eg%Document Style W4A O g% W4I O goF    ׃  Default Paragraph FoDefault Paragraph Fontp11#XP\  P6QXP##C\  P6QP#footnote referencefootnote referenceq Document 8Document 8r 29sx}tlulavl͖Document 4Document 4s  Document 6Document 6t Document 5Document 5u Document 2Document 2v 2wlkxחyzlDocument 7Document 7w Right Par 1Right Par 1x` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 2Right Par 2y` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#Document 3Document 3z 2){|Ϟ}~ Right Par 3Right Par 3{` hp x (#X` P hp x (#X` P hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 4Right Par 4|` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#Right Par 5Right Par 5}` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 6Right Par 6~` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#2߭[y$$Right Par 7Right Par 7` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 8Right Par 8` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#Technical 5Technical 5` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 6Technical 6` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#2yll}$l Technical 2Technical 2 Technical 3Technical 3 Technical 4Technical 4` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 1Technical 1 29$$ϳ(Technical 7Technical 7` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 8Technical 8` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Document 1Document 1` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#toc 1toc 1` hp x (#!(#B!(#B` hp x (#2ktoc 2toc 2` hp x (#` !(#B` !(#B` hp x (#toc 3toc 3` hp x (#` !(# ` !(# ` hp x (#toc 4toc 4` hp x (# !(#  !(# ` hp x (#toc 5toc 5` hp x (#h!(# h!(# ` hp x (#2v3toc 6toc 6` hp x (#!(#!(#` hp x (#toc 7toc 7 toc 8toc 8` hp x (#!(#!(#` hp x (#toc 9toc 9` hp x (#!(#B!(#B` hp x (#25Svqindex 1index 1` hp x (#` !(# ` !(# ` hp x (#index 2index 2` hp x (#` !(#B` !(#B` hp x (#toatoa` hp x (#!(# !(# ` hp x (#captioncaption 2lrvvm_Equation Caption_Equation Caption endnote referenceendnote reference heading 4heading 4 heading 5heading 5 27vvvwheading 6heading 6 heading 7heading 7 heading 8heading 8 WP Heading 2WP Heading 244#a\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#2yil)xl WP Heading 1WP Heading 144#y\  P6QP# #XP\  P6QXP#Document 8aDocument 8a Document 4aDocument 4a  Document 6aDocument 6a 2 lllDocument 5aDocument 5a Document 2aDocument 2a Document 7aDocument 7a Right Par 1aRight Par 1a` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#2?l]Right Par 2aRight Par 2a` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#Document 3aDocument 3a Right Par 3aRight Par 3a` hp x (#X` P hp x (#X` P hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 4aRight Par 4a` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#27UsRight Par 5aRight Par 5a` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 6aRight Par 6a` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#Right Par 7aRight Par 7a` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 8aRight Par 8a` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#2$$l)lTechnical 5aTechnical 5a` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 6aTechnical 6a` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 2aTechnical 2a Technical 3aTechnical 3a 2 $3lW$$Technical 4aTechnical 4a` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 1aTechnical 1a Technical 7aTechnical 7a` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 8aTechnical 8a` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#2[(=leDocument 1aDocument 1a` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#_Equation Caption1_Equation Caption1 heading 9heading 9>4#B2PQP##X P7XP#WP Heading 2aWP Heading 2a44# P7P##X P7XP#2lMxl1WP Heading 1aWP Heading 1a44# P7P# #X P7XP#Document 8aaDocument 8aa Document 4aaDocument 4aa  Document 6aaDocument 6aa 21ll;lDocument 5aaDocument 5aa Document 2aaDocument 2aa Document 7aaDocument 7aa Right Par 1aaRight Par 1aa` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#2)cl Right Par 2aaRight Par 2aa` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#Document 3aaDocument 3aa Right Par 3aaRight Par 3aa` hp x (#X` P hp x (#X` P hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 4aaRight Par 4aa` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#2[y  Right Par 5aaRight Par 5aa` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 6aaRight Par 6aa` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#Right Par 7aaRight Par 7aa` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#Right Par 8aaRight Par 8aa` hp x (#X` hp x (#0X` hp x (#0` hp x (#2%$$)lMlTechnical 5aaTechnical 5aa` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 6aaTechnical 6aa` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 2aaTechnical 2aa Technical 3aaTechnical 3aa 2/$Wl{$$ Technical 4aaTechnical 4aa` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 1aaTechnical 1aa Technical 7aaTechnical 7aa` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#Technical 8aaTechnical 8aa` hp x (#X` hp x (# X` hp x (#` hp x (#2"(al Document 1aaDocument 1aa` hp x (#X` hp x (#X` hp x (#` hp x (#_Equation Caption2_Equation Caption2 footnote textfootnote text;1#x P7P##X P7XP#Default Para@6/TDefault Paragraph Font&gm *' W%gm.E#XP\  PQXP##C\  PQP#2("#d%'footnote ref@6/Tfootnote reference &gm -*' W%gm.Eף12_Equation Ca@6/T_Equation Caption' &gm S*' W%gm.Eؠ}~endnote refe@6/Tendnote reference' &gm T*' W%gm.E٣2*W%gmx@6/TWP Heading 2a =(' &gm x*' W%gm.E# P 7P##XP\  PQXP#24 )J +JV.J13*W%gmz@6/TWP Heading 1a =(' &gm z*' W%gm.E# P7P# #XP\  PQXP#4*W%gm@6/TRight Par 1aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E~tX` hp x (#` hp x (#5*W%gm@6/TRight Par 2aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E~tX` hp x (#0` hp x (#6*W%gm@6/TRight Par 3aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E~tX` P hp x (#` hp x (#2DBJ5Jf8J;J>7*W%gm@6/TRight Par 4aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E~tX` hp x (#0` hp x (#8*W%gm@6/TRight Par 5aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E~tX` hp x (#` hp x (#9*W%gm@6/TRight Par 6aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E~tX` hp x (#0` hp x (#10W%gm@6/TRight Par 7aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E~tX` hp x (#` hp x (#2MJvBPEPI`L11W%gm@6/TRight Par 8aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E~tX` hp x (#0` hp x (#12W%gm@6/TTechnical 5aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.EwX` hp x (# ` hp x (#13W%gm@6/TTechnical 6aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.EwX` hp x (# ` hp x (#14W%gm@6/TTechnical 2aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E2W*NPOSPT15W%gm@6/TTechnical 3aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E16W%gm@6/TTechnical 4aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.EwX` hp x (# ` hp x (#17W%gm@6/TTechnical 1aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.E18W%gm@6/TTechnical 7aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.EwX` hp x (# ` hp x (#2A^P,X|[]]19W%gm@6/TTechnical 8aa =(' &gm *' W%gm.EwX` hp x (# ` hp x (#20W%gm@6/T_Equation Caption2 &gm *' W%gm.Ea11I.E+')*'0Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers')8?I u*')8ij@   a21I.E+')*'0Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers')8?I u*')Akl@` `  ` ` ` 29as^__z`a31I.E+')*'0Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers')8?I u*')Jmn` ` @  ` `  a41I.E+')*'0Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers')8?I u*')Sop` `  @  a51I.E+')*'0Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers')8?I u*')\qr` `  @hh# hhh a61I.E+')*'0Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers')8?I u*')est` `  hh#@( hh# 2*dka3bcqca71I.E+')*'0Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers')8?I u*')nuv` `  hh#(@- ( a81I.E+')*'0Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers')8?I u*')wwx` `  hh#(-@pp2 -ppp Chapter?I@6HChapter Heading=(')8?I *')'0 ?I.E9y z ` CHAPTER 3  Report Body@6HMain Text of Report8?I *')'0 ?I.E{|  27fc\ddd#eme1, 2, 3,teNumbersotation"H('0\F H rW?I 1.A, B,3,teUppercase LettersH('0\F H rW?I .TitleNotesTitle Page NotesH('0\F H rW?I ''#Z*f9 x$X# #Z*f9 x%X#NotesTrianglee NotesH('0\F H rW?I 2hif4ggXhWorks CitedWorks Cited PageH('0\F H rW?I 99         Page TitlePage Title PageH('0\F H rW?I #  `  a12:.E+O**Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers=(O*O8mn@   a22:.E+O**Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers=(O*OAop@` `  ` ` ` 2\%il-y.X80,ɒX\  P6G;P.2a=5,u&a\  P6G;&P/2e=5,&e4  pG;&\00_=5,%&_*f9 xr G;&X1P:% ,J:\  P6G;JP2H5!,),5\  P6G;,P\3{,W80,%BZW*f9 xr G;X57jC:,ynXj\  P6G;XP6a$G,',مG\  P6G;P'$* S' X   ) S'  #&J\  P6Qu&P#Federal Communications Commission`g(#bFCC 99234 ă   yx}dddy )P Before the IFederal Communications Commission  S'"yWashington, D.C. 20554 ă  S4'In the Matter of Ghh}#&J\  P6Qu&P# ) ` `  Ghh} )  S'Amendment of the Amateur Service hh} ) WT Docket No. 9712  S'Rules to Provide For Ghh}  )  Sh'Greater Use of Spread Ghh} ) RM8737  S5'Spectrum CommunicationGhh} )  S'Technologies` `  Ghh} )  Si '~ REPORT AND ORDER l  S 'X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:#'  k . ` ` We amend our rules to remove nowunnecessary recordkeeping and station identification ` ` requirements that apply only to stations transmitting SS emissions. "$, * *,,%"Ԍ  S'  kO3.` ` Our decisions in this Report and Order further our goal to improve amateur radio  |$gcommunication capabilities. In developing these new and amended rules we are guided by three broad  |$ policy principles. First, we seek to provide a flexible regulatory framework that allows for continued  |$development of new services through experimentation by amateur radio operators on amateur service  |$Rspectrum. Second, we seek to promote technological innovation. Finally, we seek to eliminate unnecessary regulatory burdens.  S6' II. BACKGROUND ă  S'  k4.` ` SS is a modulation technique that distributes the energy of the transmitted signal over a  |$&segment of spectrum that is much larger than would be needed for a "traditional" modulation scheme.  |$This technique results in the power density of the transmitted signal being very low, and the duration of  |$a transmission on any frequency in the frequency segment being but a fraction of a second, at any point  |$of bandwidth the SS emission occupies. This technique also allows reuse of the bandwidth in the  |$kavailable frequency segment that the SS emission occupies, thereby allowing multiple stations transmitting  |$xSS and nonSS systems to use the segment of spectrum simultaneously. While SS modulation techniques  |$Dhave been known for over 60 years, until the last 20 years its use has been almost exclusively for military  |$or other limited applications. In fact, outside of the military context, one of the primary uses of SS was  |$&to obscure the content of the message from individuals using receivers capable of reception only on a single channel or for a finite number of channels during some defined time period.  Sl'  k>5.` ` Over eighteen years ago, Special Temporary Authority to experiment with SS  |$transmissions was granted to 25 amateur radio stations affiliated with the Amateur Radio Research and  S' |$@Development Corporation.*Є {On' " ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See FCC Encourages Amateur Radio Experimentation, FCC News Release, March 9, 1981. See also 47  yO8'C.F.R.  1.925. #Xj\  P6G;ynXP#* These experiments involved onair evaluation of different spreading rates,  S' |$frequency ranges, and interference to stations transmitting other emission types."Є {O'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs, 1992, pp. 217 through 2117. #Xj\  P6G;ynXP# On the basis of these  |$tests, amateur radio stations were authorized to transmit SS emissions using two spreading techniques after  Sm' |$tJune 1, 1986.^mЄ {O' " ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See Amendment of Parts 2 and 97 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations to authorize spread spectrum  {O' x& techniques in the Amateur Radio Service, Report and Order GEN. Docket No. 81414, 99 FCC 2d 1432 (1985).  {OU'The text of the Report and Order was printed at 50 Fed. Reg. 23423 (1985).#Xj\  P6G;ynXP# Since SS was introduced in the Amateur Radio Service, the rules applicable to SS have  |$Dnot been substantively amended. In the intervening 12 years, however, numerous entities have developed  |$commercial applications of SS, including medical telemetry, Personal Communications Services, remote  S' |$8meter reading and position locating,Є {ON"'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#See ARRL Spread Spectrum Sourcebook, 1991, p. 864 and Chapter 9.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP# including safety applications such as the use of the Global Positioning System for locating ships at sea and other objects or individuals at remote points. "nl ,l(l(,,"  S'  kz6.` ` Our current Part 97 rules permit amateur stations to transmit SS emissions subject to  |$certain operational constraints. Amateur station SS transmissions may be used only for communications  |$between points where the Amateur Radio Service is regulated by the FCC and may be made only on  S4' |$cauthorized Amateur Radio Service frequency bands above 420 MHz._4Є {O'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  97.305(c), 97.311(a)._ SS emissions transmitted by  |$amateur radio stations are limited to two types of spreading techniques frequency hopping and direct  S' |$sequence.ZЄ {O'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP# See 47 C.F.R.  97.311(c). Additionally, our rules require that documentation sufficient to enable the FCC to demodulate  |$all transmissions be retained for a period of one year following the last entry in the station records. The  |$rules also prohibit SS emission transmissions made for the purpose of obscuring the meaning of any  S5' |$communication.5Є {O 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP# See 47 C.F.R.  97.311(a), (e). Further, amateur radio stations transmitting SS emission types are secondary to amateur  S'radio stations transmitting other emission types. ~Є {O 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP# See 47 C.F.R.  97.311(b).  S '  k7.` ` On March 3, 1997, the Commission released the Notice in this proceeding to examine  |$whether amateur stations should be permitted to transmit SS emission technologies employing additional  |$Dspreading sequences. The Commission also proposed that each SS transmitter be required to incorporate  |$a device to automatically limit its power to that actually necessary to carry out the communications. We  S 'received fifteen comments and twentyfive reply comments in response to the Notice. Є yO'ԍA list of parties filing comments and reply comments is attached hereto as Appendix A.  S9' III. DISCUSSION ă  S' A. ` ` Elimination of restrictions on spreading techniques  Sm'  k8.` ` Background. The Notice proposed to amend the Part 97 rules to authorize amateur  |$stations to make greater use of SS type emission technologies. We proposed to allow amateur stations  S' |$to transmit SS type emission technologies employing additional spreading sequences.R Є {OH'ԍNotice, 12 FCC Rcd at 2591.R Specifically, we  S' |$&proposed to eliminate Sections 97.311(c) and (d),S 2 Є yO 'ԍ47 C.F.R.  97.311 (c) and (d).S which restrict amateur stations to transmitting SS  S' |$emissions that use only frequency hopping and direct sequencing spreading techniques.X  Є {O#'ԍNotice, 12 FCC Rcd at 2595.X We indicated  |$that this change would allow amateur radio operators to develop innovations and improvements to  |$^communications products and technologies. We also stated that it would provide amateur radio operators  S ' |$more flexibility to use current and future communications technologies.C T Є {O&'ԍId. at 2592.C Such a rule change also would" ,l(l(,,"  |$encourage the amateur radio community to expand its experimental activities with SS and allow amateur  S'stations to transmit SS emissions that presently are transmitted using other communications devices.:Є {O5'ԍId.:  Sg'  k9.` ` Decision. The comments we received on this proposal generally supported elimination  |$@of restrictions on the spreading techniques that amateur radio stations may use. We conclude that the  |$public interest will best be served by eliminating the rules that restrict amateur stations to using only two  |$SS spreading techniques. In this connection, we note that one of the fundamental purposes underlying  |$ our Part 97 rules is accommodation of the amateur radio operator's proven ability to contribute to the  Si' |$advancement of the radio art.viZЄ {Oc '#X\  P6G;ɒP#эSee 47 C.F.R.  97.1.v We agree with William Tynan that we should not continue restricting the  S6' |$spreading techniques available to the amateur service in order to protect Part 15 manufacturers.w6Є yO 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#William A. Tynan Comments at 5.w We also  |$concur with the ARRL that elimination of this restriction makes it likely that amateur radio operators will  S' |$xuse Part 15 devices as a source of SS equipment,|Є X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 15#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. and we note that Metricom, a manufacturer of Part 15  S ' |$kdevices, supports these changes, provided we also adopt our proposal for automatic power control.S -Є yOj'ԍMetricom Inc. Reply Comments at 4.S We  |$also note that, because certain spreading codes and modulation methods used in Part 15 devices are not  |$permissible in amateur radio communications, the most likely effect of the current rules is that  |$experimentation is conducted by amateur radio licensees under Part 15 rules rather than under the amateur  S 'service rules. Є {O.'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP##X\  P6G;ɒP#Philip R. Karn, Jr. (Karn) Comments at 1.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#  Sk'  kd 10.` ` The manufacturers of unlicensed Part 15 devices argue that the proposed changes could  |$upset the delicate balance that has been struck in the bands they share with the Amateur Radio Service,  S' |$especially the 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands.XO Є yO'ԍThe Part 15 Coalition Comments at 1, 2.X This balance, however, appears to be based in large part  |$kon the unattractiveness of SS experimentation in the amateur service due to the restriction in the rules that  |$limits amateur radio stations to using only two specified techniques for spreading emissions frequency  Sl' |$hopping and direct sequencing.l Є {O'ԍSee Karn Comments at 1; Lyle V. Johnson Comments at 1; ARRL Comments at 3. We do not believe that this concern warrants retaining the current  |$restrictions on amateur radio stations. As an initial matter, we note that Part 15 devices will only receive  |$an SS transmission from an amateur radio station if the station is using the same spreading or coding  |$scheme as the Part 15 device, if the amateur station is transmitting at the same time and on the same  |$channels as the Part 15 device when it is in use, and if the amateur station is within the reception range  |$of the Part 15 device. The Part 15 Coalition has not shown with any degree of certainty that this  |$coincidence of events is likely to happen frequently. Further, Part 15 devices do not require the user to  S' |$have any technical knowledge of how the device works or its potential for interferenceq Є yO''ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 15; Karn Comments at 1. and use of",l(l(,,"  |$unlicensed Part 15 devices is conditioned on the user accepting interference from the operation of an  S' |$authorized radio station, another Part 15 device, or ISM equipment.RЄ {O5'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  15.5(b).R Additionally, the use of automatic  |$Zpower controls by amateur stations that transmit SS emissions and other technical solutions discussed  |$xbelow are expected to further reduce the interference potential. We will, therefore, amend Section 97.311 of our rules as proposed.  S' B. ` ` Automatic power control  Sh'  kJ 11.` ` Background. Under our current rules, an amateur station must use the minimum power  |$necessary to carry out the desired communications regardless of the emission type, spreading technique,  S' |$or frequency band used.\ZЄ {O 'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  97.113(a) and (b).\ In addition, amateur stations transmitting SS emission types are restricted to  S' |$ a maximum transmitter power of 100 watts (W).Є {O\'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP# See 47 C.F.R.  97.311(g). In the Notice, we proposed that automatic power  S ' |$control circuitry be required whenever an amateur station transmits an SS emission with more than 1 W.R ~Є {O'ԍNotice, 12 FCC Rcd at 2595.R  |$This requirement was intended to ensure that the output power is limited to the minimum level necessary  |$<to conduct communications so that interference with other amateur radio stations and users of the  S 'frequency bands would be minimized.H Є {O'ԍId. at 25932595.H  S '  k 12.` ` Decision. The comments are divided over the need and ability to implement automatic  |$^power controls. Some commentors believe that such controls would have an inhibiting effect on amateur  |$service communications. For example, Messrs. Johnson and Tynan point out that automatic power control  |$Rdevices can not be used for either multipointtomultipoint applications or pointtomultipoint  S' |$Iapplications, such as spacecraft telemetry.Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Lyle V. Johnson Comments at 5; William A. Tynan Comments at 6. Mr. Carpenter states that such control devices would  S' |$constitute excessive government regulation.z2 Є yOs'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Robert J. Carpenter Comments at 1.z Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation (TAPR) also  Sn' |$believes that the proposed rule is unnecessary, and that current Section 97.313(a) is sufficient.n Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation (TAPR) Comments at 3. While  |$Mr. Karn points out that the use of the automatic power control and other technical measures could lead  |$to an increase in the number of users that can simultaneously share the channel, he nonetheless believes  S' |$that adoption of automatic power controls should not be mandatory. R Є X#4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 4#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. Further, TAPR and Mr. Karn  |$criticize the present rule as impeding EarthMoonEarth (EME) communication experimentation using SS" ,l(l(,,r"  S' |$gemission types because the 100 W limit is imposed only on stations transmitting SS emissions.!XЄ yOh' G6! ԍTAPR Comments at 3; #X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 3#X\  P6G;ɒP#. Stations engaging in EME communication that are  |$b transmitting any emission other than SS can transmit with up to 1500 W Peak Envelope Power and unlimited antenna  yO'gain.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ѯ They  |$point out that the high antenna gains and skywardpointing antennas generally used with EME protect  |$terrestrial operations from interference regardless of the emission type the station is transmitting. They  |$conclude, therefore, that the 100 W limit imposed only on stations transmitting SS emission types is  S4'unnecessary.a"4Є {O'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.a  S'  k 13.` ` In contrast, the implementation of automatic power controls is supported by the American  S' |$Radio Relay League, Inc. (ARRL).#zЄ yO 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 5#G\  P6G;مP#. The Central States VHF Society also believes that automatic power  |$kcontrols are necessary. In this connection, it believes that amateur stations transmitting SS emissions will  |$be using the maximum power available because these stations will be sharing spectrum with stations using  S'other communication modes that require the transmission of considerable power.$ Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#The Central States VHF Society Comments at 6.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#Ѭ  S '  k 14.` ` After review of the record, we conclude that the automatic power control requirement  Si ' |$proposed in the Notice should be adopted. We conclude that such a requirement is reasonable in mixed S7 ' |$mode frequency bandsL%Z7 Є yOq' G6! ԍMixedmode frequency bands are frequency bands where different emission types, such as CW, phone,  {O9' |$D RTTY, data, and SS are transmitted. All amateur service frequency bands are mixedmode frequency bands. See 47 C.F.R.  97.305(c).L until sharing protocols are sufficiently developed to satisfy users that stations can  S ' |$avoid intermode interference.& Є yO`'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 5#G\  P6G;مP#. Further, we believe that power limits are a reasonable tradeoff between  |$Vthe wideband characteristics of SS emissions and the ability and flexibility to use various spreading  S ' |$codes.' L Є X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP# at 10. We decline to adopt the suggestion by the ARRL and Mr. Carpenter that the power level of the  Sk' |$SS emission be limited to one watt and the automatic power control requirement be dropped.(kЄ X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Robert J. Carpenter Comments at 2; ARRL Reply Comments at 12#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. We note  S8' |$that we did not propose to reduce the maximum authorized power for stations transmitting SS emissions.T)8Є {O!'ԍSee 47 C.F.R.  97.311(g).T  |$Additionally, we are concerned that reducing the authorized maximum power for SS emissions to the level  |$suggested by the ARRL and Mr. Carpenter could adversely affect SS experimentation in the amateur  |$service and would effectively reduce amateur stations transmitting SS emissions to the status of Part 15  Sl'devices.x*l@Є yOL&'ԍThe power authorized Part 15 devices is 1 watt with 6 dBi antenna gain.x "9*,l(l(,,"Ԍ S'  C. ` ` Methods to minimize potential interference.  S'  k'15.` ` Background. In the Notice, we also solicited comments regarding methods available, other  |$gthan automatic power control circuitry, to minimize any potential interference between amateur station  |$operations and Part 15 devices, even though Part 15 devices have no interference protection rights under  S' |$our rules and no domestic or international allocation status.W+Є {Oj'ԍNotice, 12 FCC Rcd at 25942595.W We solicited these comments because  |$7Metricom expressed concern that amateur radio operators will obtain commercial Part 15 SS devices and  S' |$modify them for use under our Part 97 rules.o,ZЄ {O 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id. at 25932594.o Symbol, a manufacturer of unlicensed Part 15 devices,  |$was concerned that the disparity between authorized power for amateur stations and unlicensed devices  S6'will affect the operation of unlicensed devices in the vicinity of amateur stations.a-6Є {O 'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.a  S'  k 16.` ` Decision. The comments contained technical and other nonregulatory suggestions for  |$mitigating unwanted reception of SS transmissions. For example, Mr. Karn states that SS interference can  Sk ' |$be minimized by using directional antennas with pointtopoint links..k ~Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 4.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ђ For communication over long  |$kdistances, he recommends minimum power signal relaying over the use of high power and, to address the  S ' |$"nearfar problem,"M/X Є yO' G6!c ԍThe "nearfar problem" refers to a situation in which the use of a particular frequency segment or channel  |$o near the transmitting station is different than the use of the same frequency segment or channel at a location far from the transmitting station.M he recommends geographical band plans.q0 . Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Karn Comments at 5.q He further states that transmission  S ' |$3sources can be found by using direction finding techniques.1 Є {O0'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ш Another technique that can be useful in  |$"locating and resolving unwanted reception of an SS emission is to allow SS systems to voluntarily  Sl' |$incorporate a Morse code identification transmitter that can be demodulated by a conventional receiver.2lP Є {O\'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ш  |$*Once the call sign of the transmitting station has been determined, the mailing address of the licensee can  |$@be found in many of the numerous internet databases that list licensee information or by accessing the  S' |$*Commission's databases. These suggestions are generally supported by the ARRL.3Є yOU!'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 14.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#љ These suggestions  |$xalso convince us that amateur radio operators interested in SS communication are willing to accommodate  |$keach other and other users of the spectrum and that they are willing and capable of resolving interference,  |$should it occur, through technical means. For this reason, we do not believe it is necessary or desirable  |$for us to adopt rules, other than the automatic power control requirement, that specify or could limit  |$@methods available for resolving potential interference between amateur station transmissions and other users of these frequency bands. "nr3,l(l(,,5"Ԍ S' D.` ` Other issues  S'` ` 1. Station record keeping and identification  S4'  k417.` ` Background. Section 97.311(e) of the Commission's rules requires that the station records  |$document all SS emission transmissions and these records be retained for a period of one year following  |$the last entry. Mr. Johnson is concerned that amateur radio operators may not have the technical expertise  |$Zor knowhow to comply with this rule, and that this rule does not have a bearing on their ability to use  Si' |$tSS emission types.u4iЄ yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Lyle Johnson Comments at 45.u He also states that retention of this requirement unnecessarily burdens the station  |$xoperator, thereby leading to a decline in the incentive to contribute to the development of SS modes within  S' |$the Amateur Radio Service.5XЄ X 4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id. at 5#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. TAPR would like the Commission to establish parity between SS and all  S' |$other emission modes, and delete the requirement of this section.6 Є Xy4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP##X\  P6G;ɒP#TAPR Comments at 4; Manager of the National Communications System Comments at 2#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. In contrast, ARRL does not believe  S 'that this requirement is too burdensome.7 Є yO'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comments at 10.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#љ  S7 '  k18.` ` In addition, Section 97.119(b)(5) requires that a station transmitting an SS emission must  |$transmit its assigned call sign at the end of each communication, and at least every ten minutes during a  S ' |$communication, by a CW8 JЄ {O' G6!g ԍCW is defined as an International Morse code telegraphy emission having certain specified designators. See 47 C.F.R.  97.3(c). or phone emission during SS emission transmission on a narrow bandwidth  |$frequency segment. Alternatively, the station may identify itself by changing one or more parameters of  |$the emission so that a conventional CW or phone emission receiver can be used to determine the station  |$call sign. One of the purposes of station identification is to clearly make the identity of the station transmitting known to those receiving the transmission.  S'  k19.` ` TAPR states that this requirement causes interference and, as a result, outweighs any  Sl' |$tbenefits accrued regarding monitoring.9l Є X4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#TAPR Comments at 4, 5#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. Further, it suggests that conventions for station identification  S9' |$*should be developed by the amateur radio community rather than the Commission.:9U Є X. 4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id. at 5#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#. The Manager of the  |$3National Communications System points out there is no currently available Commercial Off The Shelf  S' |$(COTS) spread spectrum equipment which complies with this rule.; Є Xy#4ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Manager of the National Communications System Comments at 2, 3#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP# In fact, he believes that deletion of  S' |$Mthis rule could lead to an increase in the availability of COTS equipment.a<Є {O%'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#Id.a ARRL does not believe that  |$3this requirement is too burdensome; rather, it believes that the requirement is "designed to permit self"mI<,l(l(,,B"ԫ S'regulation and compatibility determinations involving a mode that is difficult to monitor."=Є yOh'ԍ#X\  P6G;ɒP#ARRL Reply Comment at 10.#Xj\  P6G;ynXP#ј  S'  k20.` ` Decision. The basis for the station record keeping requirement was a concern that the  |$*Commission and amateur radio licensees could not monitor readily SS emissions and therefore ciphers or  S5' |$3other prohibited messages could be transmitted by stations using SS emissions.$>5XЄ {O-' G6! ԍSee Amendment of Parts 2 and 97 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations to authorize Spread Spectrum  {O'Techniques in the Amateur Radio Service, Report and Order, GEN. Docket No. 81414, paras. 7, 10.$ To date, we are not  |$^aware of any instances of improper messages being transmitted by amateur stations and the record in this  |$gproceeding does not indicate to the contrary. We agree that this requirement no longer serves a useful  |$purpose and that eliminating it